Hindi: Our National Language?
According to the Constitution which came into force on Jan 26, 1950, English was to be the official language of the Central government for 15 years. Now, any language accepted by a State of India as its official language would be a national language.
FOR THE PAST 21 years, I have been under the impression that Hindi is the national language of India. Just a couple of days back I realised that India does not have a national language. I felt ashamed. How come I did not know this? Thank God, I am not alone in this. My friends are also under the impression that Hindi is the Raashtra Bhasha of India. Also, I can safely conclude that more than half of India’s population is under the same impression. Oh, come on, India!
But now it surprises me to hear that India never had a national language. This explains why India attached importance to each of its constituent languages. I do not know who first put this thought in my mind. There is one very interesting fact about the languages of India. Though India may boast of being home to many major languages of the world, this abode of languages, ironically, does not have a national language of its own. According to the Constitution of India, any language, accepted by a State of India as its official language will be given the status of national language. In India, no language is accepted or spoken by the States unanimously. Even Hindi, the language spoken by most people, is unable to attain the status of national language as it is does not fulfil the condition laid down by the Constitution of India. Though Hindi is spoken by a large number of people, only ten States of India have accepted it as their official language.
Article 343 of the Constitution declares Hindi as the official language of the Un-ion of India. English remains the additional official language. It is the authoritative legislative and judicial language. In fact, one could say that English is the official language of India for all practical purposes. For many educated Indians, English is virtually their first language though a large number of Indians are multi-lingual.
Then what is the difference between national and official language? The national language defines the people of the nation, culture and history. The official language is used for official communication. While the national language can become the official language by default, an official language has to be approved by law in order to become the national language. All languages spoken in India, starting from the language spoken by the most people to that spoken by the least are our national languages. This is because all of them define the people of this nation, culture and their history, collectively. India has no legally-defined national language; it has only 18 official languages according to the Constitution. There is a special provision for the development of Hindi under Article 351, though.
According to article 351, “It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages”.
The Constitution of India came into existence on January 26, 1950. It said that Hindi and English would be the "official languages" of the Central government of India till 1965 (for a period of 15 years); subsequently, Hindi was expected to become the sole "national and official language" of India. This applied to Central as well as State governments. Hindi and English became the "official languages" in every department controlled by the Central government. This explains why Hindi is prominent in the Indian Railways, the nationalised banks, etc, which come under the purview of the Central government.
As January 26, 1965 neared, some in the non-Hindi belt, particularly the Tamils, started voicing their apprehensions openly. The idea of making Hindi the sole national language was blasphemous to the students as it involved the simultaneous and complete withdrawal of English, even as a medium for competitive examinations for jobs and education! This meant that the northern region would bag government jobs and dominate the field of education, given the proficiency in Hindi of the people of the region. Since government jobs were the most sought after in the pre-1991 era, the measure was seen as an indirect attempt to deny jobs to the English-educated South Indians. The non-Hindi-speaking people from South India feared that they would be discriminated against in government employment and in other possible ways. Between 1948 and 1961, on an average, every year, close to 24% of Central government officials had been selected from the State of Madras (the present-day Tamil Nadu). Uttar Pradesh came second best, accounting for about 16%.
The 1940s, 1950s and the first half of the 1960s witnessed many anti-Hindi pro-tests in the form of public meetings, marches, hunger strikes and demonstrations before schools and Central government offices; black flag demonstrations greeted Central government ministers. Most of these were organized either by the DK or the DMK and the general public supported them fully. There were hundreds of such protests from Tamil Nadu and thousands were jailed. Several hundreds were injured when police used lathi-charge to disperse the peaceful protesters. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then PM, even though supportive of the pro-Hindi group, came up with a set of compromises that denied Hindi the "sole national language" status, realising the seriousness of the issue.
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gkz
HINDI HAS BEVER BEEN OUR NATIONAL LANGUAGE THE CONSTITUTION DOES NOT SAY IT NEWHERE THAT HINDI IS OUR NATIONAL LANGUAGETHE REASON Y SO MANY HAVE A MISCONCEPTION ABOUT THAT IS BECAUSE NORTH INDIANS AND ITS POLITICIANS HAVE FORCED IT UPON OTHER INDIANS SO MUCH THAT NOW MANY THINK ITS OUR NATIONAL LANGUAGE IT HAS TO STOPPPL MUST REALISE THAT THIER LANGUAGE WHETHER TELUGUKANNADATAMILMALAYALAMMARATHIGUJARATIBENGALIPUNJABIASSAMESEKOK BOROKMEITEILON OR WAT EVER IT IS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT LANGUAGE FOR THEM AND NORTH INDIANS MUST UNDERSTAND THAT ALL THESE LANGUAGES MEAN TO THE RESPECTIVE PPL WAT HINDI MEANS TO THEM AND SHD ACKNOWLEDGE THAT FACT AND STOP FORCING HINDI UPON OTHERS AND TO BE HONEST HINDI SHD BE REMOVED AS THE OFICIAL LANGUAGE OF GOVT OF INDIA WHEN THERE ARE SO MANY LANGUAGES Y CHOOSE ONLY HINDI AS THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE NOW U CANT SAY ITS BECAUSE ITS SPOKEN BY THE MAXI MUM NO OF PPL THAT WAY NO OF NON HINDI SPEAKING PPL ARE MORE THEN NO OF HINDI SPEAKERS AND MOREOVER ISN THAT THE REASON V HAVE A REPUBLICAN FORM OF GOVT TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF THE MONORITIES
Rizwan
Well my friend even i agree with what you are saying and its sad that this has happend to our national language but since your talking a lot about it and really concerned. why dint you think of writing this in Hindi then???
Rajarajan
Hindi is NOT the national language and should not be made so. There are people with different linguistic backgrounds in this country. There are a lot of people, including me, who don't know Hindi. No one could be forced to learn any language. Just on the basis of Hindi, being the language known by the majority in India, it can't be made the National Language. It is the co-officio language of the Union Govt of India, like how Tamil is for Tamil Nadu, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Bangla for West bengal. Let the same status be preserved. We don't want it to be India's National Language, AT ANY COST
Karthik Janakiraman
It is politically unviable to make Hindi a national language even though the number of Hindi speakers *seems* to increase every year. National language or not, for all practical reasons, its good to put the chauvinism aside and learn/use Hindi as It works even as far as Ladakh and the North-East. After all, Hindi is one of our own. Linguistic chauvinism can be wiped out of this land if and only if our people start learning Hindi and other regional languages with half the, if not the same, zeal they have for learning English!
Aside that, I think it is sheer arrogance on the part of those that avoid learning a regional language and try to get by with Hindi or English, esp. if one lives in a non-Hindi speaking region for more than 2 years. As a non-Kannada speaker living in Bangalore for over a decade, I sense an appreciative nod every time I converse in Kannada with a native speaker of that language, however rusty it might sound. Fact is, speaking the same language creates an emotional connection between the speaker and listener which makes communication a lot more effective. I think its time we avoided linguistic jingoism like the plague and made an attempt to learn at least two more regional languages that benefit us and the nation as a whole.
Bhuwan Chandra
Please tell me How many language are in indian constitution in present time?18 or 22.
Nitin
By going through the comments, it seems that most of us are concerned with only one aspect or other of the National Language Policy. We are a pluralist country and the absence of a single national language is a proof of that.
Agreed that Hindi is the third most spoken language on the planet (and if we consider Hindi-Urdu to be a diasystem of the same root language borrowing technical jargon from much older classical languages of different regions, it might even come on the second place), but then even a Chinese guy has to speak in English if they want to be heard globally. Even the EU requires all its communications be held in English (although UK & Ireland are the only predominantly English speaking countries). This speaks volumes of the internationalist status of English.
Although English is seen as the remaining vestiges of imperialism in India, but it is high time that we turn the tide in our favor just as we did with Cricket. Now, it is no longer considered a British game and playing in IPL is more profitable than playing county Cricket.
To attain the purpose, lets aim to get rid of British English and have the Desi English (Indian English) institutionalized in our Constitution. This way no particular linguistic group will feel alienated on a national level and the state are free to adopt the locally dominant language for their day-to-day communications.Moreover,we will feel the Global language much closer to home because of its Desi touch.
Just an after thought - if the Hindi speakers can achieve 3rd place for Hindi; just imagine what a billion plus people can do for the Indian English (that too taking into account the whole Subcontinent).
Just imagine the Brits and American sweating-off to learn 'Indian' English so that they are understood well globally. If we can claim Cricket for ourselves, then English should not be a big deal.
PS: I am a native Hindi speaker and wish from the bottom of my heart for this issue to be put to rest for good.
Saravanan
Whoever says that ppl not in favour of Hindi is anti-Indian is himself an anti-Indian who is equally ignorant like the others who believe in the psuedo myth that hindi is a national language. Any educated mind can realize that just because the central government is located in delhi, does not mean a single regional lanugage like hindi can be imposed as a national language in a diverse and democratic country. What the south is against is the undeserved promotion and imposition of hindi to non hindi speaking states. Although its politically a failed attempt, the covert imposition of hindi as a must lanugage through CBSE syllabus is a great risk for the younger generation of south making them victims of indirect imposition through the so-called national education system
Anonymous
Lets make Hinduism our national religion .... chuck all Christians and Muslims out. They are anti India too.
amy
.whoever is not in favour of Hindi as language is anti-Indian...It is national language,,,that means we having different cultures and languages can connect with each other...and if whoever dont like hindi..they can go to Srilanka....
yogi
this is clear cut racism....we southindians will never tolerate north indian MPs imposing an alien language upon us....its all start in school now a days....why should our children in south learn hindi during school???....we are not against any laguage....especially hindi....we are only against its imposition as national language....its imposition in school curriculum....and its imposition in all official proceedings....steps should be taken immediatly to make translators of all indian languages available at both houses of parliament....an MP should not be denied his right to listen and speak the proceedings in his mother toung....i think we need a second freedom strugle from hindi imposition....
sa
Pls translate.. wht language is this???
Sachin
Mere pyare Bharatiyon, muze humesha Japan aur Germany desh ki ek baat achhi lagti hain ki unki jo bhi pragati hui hai vo sab unki apni desh-bhasha istemaal karke hui hai, to kyu na hum sab Bharatiya loag apni rashtra bhasha me apni pragati kare. Bharat me har ek rajya ki apni matrubhasha hai, vaise hee agar Hindi ek madhyam banaya ja sakta hai taa ki desh me ek rajya ka vyakti dusare rajya ke vyakti se baat kar sake. English sabhi ka aati nahi hai aur na hee vo humari bhasha hai. And we are not Indians We are Bharatiyans.
Abhay
@Reality,
"".....but i am not going to learn hindi at any point of time..i will not come to north for my job in future....""
Try respect the Indian constitution and do not close your mind. India is a multi-lingual country. It is not possible for a different state to bend at your language request. If you read the Article 351 carefully, it says Hindi shall be promoted to bring the whole nation as one. If that is the case dont you think it is our duty to respect the constitution and try to learn Hindi? I am also south Indian. Dont take me wrong. But here is what I believe....being a multi-lingual, multi cultural country, it is difficult to bring all of us together. Atleast as my National pride, I would be happy to learn Devanagari lipi apart from English (which is actually a foreign language). In India, everyone face this problem of discrimination when they travel to another state, but one should learn to cope-up. Now, the law is been amended giving preference to Hindi and not to Tamil or Kannada because at that time out of the whole population of India, Hindi was largely spoken. Although the words 'largely spoken' is quite debatable one must realize IT IS largely spoken in India. The irony is this...if you had only learnt Hindi, you might not have lost your job in the steel company. BEFORE YOU BLAME THE SYSTEM, BLAME YOURSELF FOR YOUR CLOSE MINDEDNESS..good luck.
Reality
I am from south and i am working in a north indian state for past 3 months..I face the real problem of not knowing hindi...so finally wat i did was i resigned my job from tis india's one of the largest steel company...they dont treat us well until we speak hindi..but i am not going to learn hindi at any point of time..i will not come to north for my job in future..I am telling you all one thing..we the people from south deserves a better treatment in north..I am shocked to find that people are unable to communicate in english(even those who are graduates)..so i think all people should opt for english as our national language as it opens up our opportunioties globally..I think all states should have their mother tongue as 1st language and english as 2nd language(as we people in tamilnadu have)..and english can easily be made as common language to unite us in our conversations.
This s the age of globalization.
anju
hindi is sheet language.... forgot national it wud not be language on its own !! It is all urdu ... and moslims promoting it lot !
real language is Sanskrit... mother of all languages most logical and language of knowledge ! even Prakrit is better than sheet hindi
Aur hendes are worst affected now that in globalization hendes are pooreset states becas they dont know english He He He He
Gandi-Neru made hendes suffer like nothin... already half of india hates thems
in Assam they are killed like strey dogs, in Maharashtra they are bitten like donkeys and Tamilnadu they are not even looked at... so much to call ur language national when it is sheet language nothing more than regional
vyom
chahe kuch bhi bol lo asliyat ye hai ki hindi hi bharat me sabse zyada bole jaane waali bhasha hai ,percent aur figures mat dekhna hakikat me bharat me ghum ke dekho ,kisi ko kuch samajh aaye ya na aaye hindi to samajh me aati hi hai .south indians ye mat comment karna ki unhe nahi aati ,mere college main karn. aur tamil ke bande hai aur hum sabhi aapas main hindi main baat karte angrezi main nahi
vyom
chahe kuch bhi bol lo asliyat ye hai ki hindi hi bharat me sabse zyada bole jaane waali bhasha hai ,percent aur figures mat dekhna hakikat me bharat me ghum ke dekho ,kisi ko kuch samajh aaye ya na aaye hindi to samajh me aati hi hai .south indians ye mat comment karna ki unhe nahi aati ,mere college main karn. aur tamil ke bande hai aur hum sabhi aapas main hindi main baat karte angrezi main nahi
Bala
Dear Indians,
To be frank, i'm tamilian and my wife is rajasthani, the worst part is my wife doesnt know Rajasthani, why because hindi ruled them, i'm not offending Hindi, but understand people from different state loose their identity.
dont fight for the language, fight for the love.
Proud to speak in your mother tongue, be proud to be that we are indians which has more culture and languages than any other country
sunil
Perhaps we do non know that Rajasthan,Chhitsgud,Bihar and many more so called hindi speaking states speak languages which are different from hindi.but this languages are not recognised and counted as hindi.i request you rishabh to put this fact.so if we not recognise oriya,nepali,assamese then all these similar language will be treated as bengali then i can say bengali should be the national language ---if a lan---only bengali etc etc
MD
I don't live in India, and trust me! I go through so much trouble over here, just because I don't converse in Hindi. My Dad is Tamilian, and Mum a Mangalorean, so how and why am I meant to know Hindi? People insult me a fair bit because of this, and I thank you Rishabh for trying and spreading the word that Hindi is not our national language.
I try to explain to people that there is more to being Indian than just knowing Hindi. I was raised in Bangalore, where almost everyone including autrorickshaw drivers speak English, let alone Kannada and Hindi. To be more specific, I hear comments made by people from Delhi, and not so much from Bengal and Gujarat. Why is it that some people are just not proud of the fact that the countless number of languages we have is what makes our country so wonderful. We should learn to appreciate this diversity, and not fight over it.
Not speaking the Hindi language has caused me a great deal of problems, when it comes to making friends with people from North India and Pakistan. Of course, the learnedl lot do not judge you based on whether you speak a particular language or not, but then the ignoramus consider me a total outcast.
rahul
as a common language we can opt for ENGLISH . as most of the higher syudies are in ENGLISH .
-- why cant we just opt for official language status and not go for NATIONAL language .
though there still remains a need of common language, let it be ENGLISH.
its good if we have many states different cultures in them ... then what exactly is the need of NATIONAL language ????
--- is it just to tell people in INDIA or Abroad that what is our national language .
-- is it so necessary???
why do we feel bad or shy saying that we give equal status to all the languages and that as for common language we have ENGLISH.
-- i am voting for english as todays education/books/exams and the top most COMPUTERS are MOSTLY in ENGLISH ... so it would be easier to make it comon language .... very few people will have to learn an additional language ..
wt say ???
rajitha
even i am in the same view that hindi is our national langauge. i felt very bad that india does not have a national language. many of hte people in india is of the same view because in many books government published that hindi is our nathinal language . kindly make the people to know about this otherwise people will be in same thought that hindi is our national laguage and if some other country people asks what is uor national language people blindly answer hindi
Anonymous
Dear Lucky,
I dont know on what basis you are telling this. the author has clearly mentioned that National language means a language representing a countries culture ,society etc. If Hindi is the only national language then it will imply that only Hindi is the reresentation of our culure and society. For your kind nformation most of the countries around the world with multiple languages doesn't use the word national instead they use official. One more porblem is which states like tamil nadu say is "If we have to study Hindi we make an extra effort to studa another language which Hindi speaking people do not which is unfair for non hindi speaking people So if Hindi people speaking can try to learn any regioal language in school then a provision can be made to make Hindi mandatory".
arnab
That would be very unjust and unwise to make it compulsory.
Lucky
If any Language that can achieve the status of being the Nattional language of our beloved Country, It can only be Hindi. Imparting of learning Hindi as a first Language should be made compulsory in all Non-Hindi speaking States of India.
Varuna
I was under the impression that Hindi is the national language of India.and I want if it is not it should be.
Thanks
vinod
Hi,
Even though I speak hindi everyday, I wouldn't want it to become the national language of India. It would unfair to the people who haven;t had any exposure to it. Such as 'South Indians' & they are just as Indians as any of us.
I have also come to know that they are trying to hard to do it & enforce the language upon every state of india. I protest it. Won't let it happen, Ever!
Proud Mumbaikar
& Marathi.
Jai Bharat.
rai
very good article . nice and keep it up.tnx
Bharathi
This is a very interesting and informative post. Till I read this post, even I was in am impression that Hindi is our national language. Not only me...most of my friends:) Thx a lot for this post.
Bobber
chotti badhur sundi husna koi magu
Sujeet Nandan
I hope people of India should watch "Hindi in Bollywood" a documentary made my Fox History and Entertainment. They have shown very nicely that how we, the people of India, is getting recognized in the world.
And regarding the war of Language. Give respect to all the language and culture. Remember we are "Incredible India!".
susigaran
well said .People should really know all other languages also has its status .
susigaran
tarun sharma
no comments
Satty
Its sad to know that INDIA does not have a national language. I actually have no problems in accepting the widely spoken language (which is obviously, Hindi) as a national language. But the people responsible for these amendments should understand the sentiments and importance of other languages and the concerned-people. For instance, tamil is such an old and classic language, which is one of the few languages selected by UNESCO to be protected/preserved along with greek and other languages. We must be celebrating this as a language from INDIA is selected by UNESCO for a noble purpose. It is widely spoken in other countries like Singapore, Sri lanka, Malaysia and partially in other countries too. Infact its an official language in Singapore and Srilanka. Moreover, "TAMIL" is the most searched word in google (according to 2005-6 report). After so much fuss, tamil was recognized as classical language by INDIAN government in 2004 (Guess the year is right ;-)). The world famous Angkor wat temple in Cambodia was beleived to be built by a king of tamil origin and had deep roots of dravidian culture. With all this credibility, if the language is suppressed just because it is not majorly spoken in a country.... does that make any sense or is that fair? This is the reason why people of South India are not ready to accept Hindi as National Language. I used tamil as just an example. Many such languages are there throughout INDIA. First of all people should understand that each language has its own credibility and history. Lets just accept and celebrate it. This will give confidence and "we are one"-kind feeling in us. Then no body have to force people to accept Hindi as National language. It will be automatically accepted by all Indians whole-heartedly. So lets start respecting other languages and give them the status they deserve. Saying this I hope, I am not considered anti-hindi.
mohan
Recently i went to Haridwar to give some lectur in science subject lot of north indians assembled and asked me to speak in Hindi and said if you do not know Hindi do not come to North.Then why People from Bihar/UP go to mumbai without learning or knowing Marathi what shiv sena is doing is perfect.Hindi Fanatisam must be eradicated North indian should be taught that Hindi is not a national Language.These People go to other states they do not speak local language or appreciate local language.Now it is high time for people of non hindi speaking belt must oppose Hindi being used in central Government offices situated in that states and oppose use of Hindimcommands in army,airforce and navy.All hindi banners must be Perished.Then we can drive out the sense of National Language.issue.In tamil nadu NCC commands are all in English why not other non hindi speaking states follow this?If north Indian come to Non Hindi speaking Areas do not give reply in Hindi spaek in your mother ToungeLet us be united against evil of Hindi speaking Goons
RAM GOPAL
Hindi according to me is hundi(Pig in kannada) it sounds same
When south Indian goes to North they were forced to speak in Hindi whereas North indians when they go other states they do not learn or speak language of the state.it shows their superiority complex As long as this attitute prevail Hindi cannot become National Language.all people whose mother tongue is not Hindi must oppose inch by inch to this attitute.Hats off to Tamil nadu who started first Hindi agitation in 1965 According to us three language formula is the best accross the country.Hindi speaking people from North Must learn lone of the languages of India apart from Hindi then they will not speak Hindi Is the National Language
RAVI
because of Majority of North indian states speak Hindi ,Hindi cannot take driver seat.Already Sang Parivar and North Indian Parties try to impose Hindi .Being south Indian I do not consider Hindi is superior to other state Languages like marathi, tamil, kannada.If North Indians say Hidi is national Language we south Indians do not want this nation.Better we rule independently
Arvind
The question of national language merges to the larger question of 'What defines the statehood of India?'
One school of thought considers the British rule in India as a main cause of Indian statehood. Most of the commentators in this discussion seem to hold this view. This view can not explain different national movements like Sri Lankan, Burmese, Nepali, Afghani and lastly Pakistani as separate movements from the big landmass ruled by Britishers. It also can not explain why no separate Kannada, Marathi, Bengali, Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam etc. national movements grew in British India?
Perhaps, the explanation of these unanswered questions, lies in the fact that contrary to the largely held belief, British rule in India was not the element that defined India as a nation.
One thought considers that the nation is defined by the land mass over which the interests of the vanguards of the society, are secured and protected. It was accepted by many in the world in twentieth century. In case of India, it is the cast system in India which protected the interests of the Trai Varniks, i.e. Brahmins, Xatriyas and Vaishyas, historically, that made India, a nation, historically. However unacceptable the cast system be in todays world, there can be no denial of it as a legacy for nationhood. Wherever, the cast system ceased to exist, India also ceased to exist there.
Then, the logical choice as national language can be "Modified and simplified" Sanskrit. Its implementation can be planned phase wise. "Modified and simplified" Sanskrit is easier to accept as all the regional languages owe their origin to Sanskrit. It has great upper hand over English as it is closer even to the illiterate villagers whose present day language derives more than 70% of its vocabulary to Sanskrit. What is needed is a will to act within the rulers of present day India.
As far as Hindi is concerned, it has originated more or less simultaneously and developed to the same extent as the many regional languages in India. It can only be a regional language of many regions within India and as a stop gap arrangement till Modified and simplified Sanskrit takes place as National language.
Bharati
Sanskrit, Yes. English, Yes. Your Mothertongue, Yes. Hindi, What for? Do not worry about common language, religion, race, uniforms etc. This is not their nation. this is our nation. We love it and we shall preserve it as a plural nation. If your mother tongue is hindi, speak it. But please do not think that it needs to be forced on others.
Bharati
Let the government decide Hindi should be national Language. They can also decide that Hockey should be National Game. They can also decide how much of what to produce (as was tried in USSR). Is government supposed to make these decisions? Is that the role of government? If it is, then to what end? The population of each state in India is much larger than an European Nation. Many of these states have to learn Hindi as the primary language just to satisfy the sense of betterment of some Hindi Speaking people? Why not have a National Religion?During the days of the British it was considered bad to speak against British Rule. Today it is considered bad to speak against Hindi. We overcame the British. We shall overcome Hindi.
Bharati
Let the government decide Hindi should be national Language. They can also decide that Hockey should be National Game. They can also how much of what to produce (as was tried in some countries). Is government supposed to make these decisions? Is that the role of government? If it is, then to what end? The population of each state in India is much larger than an European Nation. Many of these states have to learn Hindi as the primary language just to satisfy the sense of betterment of some Hindi Speaking people? Why not have a National Religion?
During the days of the British it was considered bad to speak against British Rule. Today it is considered bad to speak against Hindi. We overcame the British. We shall overcome Hindi.
Shilpa
Interesting article but then Madras presidency is not present day Tamilnadu, it was part of Andra, part of Karnataka and Tamilnadu.
Saurabh Jain
It was indeed a very informative article and I googled this topic after reading the MNS news. Though everything has its own pros and cons but if the issues could have been handled by our ex-ministers then we would have seen a more synchronised country. Had it not been Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel's effort and his toughness, we would not have been living in India. We would rather have been living in either the Mysore Country or may be Hyderabad Country or may be Madras Country. But had he been given a politically free hand to deal with all the issues, we would have seen "A Better India".
A Nation means a nation, it does not mean Marathis, Biharis, Kannadis, Tamilians or Mallus. It was meant to be Indians but seeing the state even the soul of Sardar will be weeping that why he left the task in between. And it is actually what is being taught to the generations coming ahead. The regional biases, religional biases, cultural biases and what not.
People do talk about Developed Countries like America, Singapore, UK, France and wonder that why they cannot become like them or when they will become like them. But have these people really did a "manthan" that why they become developed countries so fast. I guess the answer lies in oneness, removing barriers whether internal or external, working towards only one goal - betterment of society. People might argue with certain instances that this has happened wrong but what I am saying is that atleast there is an effort.
Are we lacking that effort?
Valentino
This article is very informative, and unbiased too. Thank you !
Allow me to quote it (or parts of it).
Santosh Rane
Instead of having one national language, why don't we promote each language in there particular state. Everybody should try to learn atleast working knowledge of the state language with the help of mobile,comp.PDA etc. In short each language should have equal imp. in india atleast in there repective geo. area.
Bharath
Good Work ..!! Yeah, I too got to know this just some few months back... Anyways, majority of fellow Indians ( not Hindians) dont know this very importatnt vital fact and keep educating younger generation in a wrong way .. I love India and I want to see the same "Unity in diversity" in all future too. Another important thing that I want to tell is that India in very first place should not have classified states wrt to Languages and Geographies. Simple staright lines and curves wud have been much solution to recent days problems as in Maharashtra(Me Marathi ) , Karnataka-Tamil Nadu issue wrt Cauvery river , Guj-Maharashtra wrt Dam/River issue and many more ..!!
chinmaya
So what? Personally, I want to celebrate the heterogeneity and diversity that this state of affairs implies. And really, what does it matter? Official or national, recognized or not, stuff on paper isn't going to change how united, diverse, alike, or different we are as a society. As you yourself pointed out, most people get on with their lives without even thinking about what some document says. I think most Indians have better things to do with their time and constitution-related musings than to worry about socially irrelevant technicalities.
barath
India has 22 different language. Some of them spoken by large majority of people and some of the by less number of people. It is Indian government's duty to promote every language spoken not to a particular language. It very very bad idea to announce Hindi as National language. Official status is ok. During those indepenance time, Indian politics is dominated by north Indians. They knew only Hindi is India and India is Hindi. That is why the were trying to pass that bill in the parliament to give hindi a national language status. But there was a strong opposition from south. Evantually the bill failed in the parliament. But still some north India states believ Hindi as a national language.
My question is since Hinduism is followed by majority indians, so can we have Hindu as a national religion?
Since roti is eaten by majority Indians, can we have roti as a national food? while other delecious food like dosa, vada are arond in the south.
avesh kumra
hi guys thats a great idea 4 our life
Jerin
Why do you people force people to learn Hindi?? Why not you guys learn Tamil or Telugu??
somsubhra
many of you are right that the hindi language is having a lots of similarity with the most of the north indian languages. but the fact remain same that the imposing hindi as a national language will hamper the socio-cultural envirionment and as well as there present education system. you can not impose forcefully a language on others who wants to speck a different language. if a single language is to be established throughout the country for communication, then why hindi?? why not english??(now cmon don tell me its becoz its a foraign language....i know ur kids will also go to english medium school !). say, I beleave my language is enriched in litarature, and the culture i belong to, i want to study my languge and my culture, if another languge is forced upon me then it will be much difficult for me. the language and the culture is very much intertwined....these things cant be forced upon.....those who are voicing for hindi, i wonder if they will support the same concept, if the proposed national language would have been tamil, bengali or someting else.....
vignesh
Hindi doesnt deserve to the national language of India..first the Hindi Hindi as we know it today was created largely by the mughals..who are not Indians at all in the first place...You might as well choose english as the national language instead of Hindi...
You cannot chose it to be the national language just because a large population speaks it....It is like choosing the crow as the national bird instead of peacock..
The National language must be and indegenous language with minimum influence of foreign languages and have a rich literature and tradition...Hindi doenst have any of these qualities...it is one of newest languages and its literature is very few compard to other Indian languages...Hindi didnt have a script of its own in the first place...it had to use the borrowed script..how dumb is it to accept it as the national languge..
In my opinion either Bengali or Tamil shoul be the national language...because they are indegenous languages language and they have a vast lterary component that we can be proud of...
tushar
why don't u write this para in hindi
Pardus
Unity in Diversity my dear friends...it is the fabric of our nation to encourage diversity...trying to promote Hindi doesnt mean to MANDATE Hindi affecting jobs etc....that's what lead to the protests earlier...promoting Hindi has been best done by Bollywood...making people accept rather than shoving down their throat...
I am filled with pride to tell my american friends "We dont have one national language, we have 19 national languages" nothing wrong in that. I also tell them "we have the only democratically elected communist government in the world" So figure
Ashok
"According to me Hindi is not a language at all." wake up buddy. Good morning.
Hindi is of course not our National Language but your comment show deep prejudice against Hindi.
Since you are so bogged down by Hindi take a break and try to understand why Punjab,Rajasthan,Maharastra,West Bengal,Gujrat,Bihar,Orrisa doest have any issue with Hindi. So people from these states are fool or languages from these states are inferior to language you speak. May be you think the languages spoken in these states are much inferior to your language because you have self certified that hindi is not language. Hindi is not my mother tongue but I will vote for Hindi anyday. Hindi imposition will have deadly side effects I know.It will only breed cheap politics and cheaper politicians. If the mind set of educated folks (I am assuming that everyone here is at least a graduate) are like this one can image the hatred in the heart of less educated from that part of India.The only solution lies in massive development of Hindi belt otherwise this deep hatred towards their own countrymen will not go easily. Due to non development every tom-dick-harry has got the birth right to spew venom against anything Hindi on otherwise non-harmful online boards.
Deepesh Kumar
I too am depressed hearing this. Well I have been experiencing this for 2 month now from 2 means - first one: I have been noticing people who I have met in holland since I have been here and people with whome I have to share my company apartment. People who are Indians, but do not know (don't even understand) hindi !. I was shoked to see the fact that people just try to hide the fact that they are from India. Come on!! you do not need to speak in a foreign language to your countrymate? do you? I don't think so! Every other country is proud of their language. But what we Indians do.. is try to learn their language in place of speaking ours! shameful!
Nikhil Gowda
Karnataka people never accepted it, even Tamil Nadu fought fiercely against Hindi imposition.
Rajneesh
True, more and more Indians need to be educated about this.
Bhaskar
Hindi must not be tought in schools and colleges of indian states such as AP,KA and TN where it is not an official language. There is NO national language for INDIA. According to me Hindi is not a language at all.
ved
hkhhhkk
Pery
This was mis-understood and mis-communicated. Most of the common men in India think Hindi is the National language like national flower, animal, or symbol.
It is very quiet clear and an act made in 1963 which enforced in 1965 that Hindi and English continued to be the India's Official Language. As of now there is no status given to Hindia as a national language. But many people in northern part of India (north and south divided by the deccan pleatu) simply teasing the south Indians specially Tamils (who openly raised their voice) and stating them as anti nationals. The reason is very simple since they do not talk Hindi. In India the UT Adnaman & Nicobar has 4 official language Hindi, English, Bengali, and Tamil but other than Hindi nothing is promoted in the official communications seriously even the UT governement every year celebrates Hindi promotion week. Which is biased and the central and state governments denying the right of the people . The debate will go on....
amit
Shame on all you Hindu's who are not supporting Hindi to become national language of India.
Amala
Monica, just because you and a bunch of north indians speak hindi doesn't mean that it should be the national language. In our country all we have is a common language. English is the common language (and GLOBAL too). HINDI IS ANOTHER REGIONAL LANGUAGE IN INDIA. There is no use to learn hindi. Why don't you learn a bengali / urudu / one o the south indian languages. You know Hindi is the official language only in India. Tamil is a official language in Singapore, Srilanka and Malaysia.
un c unni
even i was under the same impression...but i realy doubt i hav studied somewer dat hindi is our national language..
Venkat V
Soni, I dont think there is any need for a common 'national language' for our country. Having no specific language as a national language is something a special situation for India.. sui genersis, in fact. As we are proud of India's diversity, we can be proud of this fact too.
I sincerely hope that Hindi will never be made as India's national language anytime in future too.... for us national unity & integrity are very important than having a national language.
Monika
So do you mean Rashtra Bhasha exams held in India is a farce..In India nothing is imposed in the name of democracy.. That doesnt give me, you or anybody to start believing things we want..And frankly Hindi is the national language coz the nation speaks it.. Just a handful of south indians who keep fighting among themselves about their own languages, if they dont accept wat the entire nation does then its their weakness of mind..
I am specially amused at a person who calls hindi not even an indian language..Too much politics and freedom can ruin people strength of thinking..
soni
i 2 m ashamed of myself dat till 2day i was ignorant of d same...n i fully agree dat der r many thousands who r nt aware dat hindi is nt our national language....i think its time dat v hv a national language n no doubt it shud b hindi as max ppl knw dis language....apart fm maharashtra i think no other state is so liberal dat v almost converse n learn d commmon language all ppl knw....bt wen u go 2 other states it so diif 2 evn hv a little conversation...specially some sothern states...cmon india....do sumthing
Tarun
I want to know
Whether Hindi is our national language or not ?
Plz mail me .
sathish shanmugam
Natioanl language means, language which has its root in
India. It means originated in India. Bit Hindi is
originated outside india and spreaded in India. Hindi
is a Indo-Iraninan language which has branches in India,
root in other country. But south indian languages are having
root in India and its culture has its root in india. Why cant we make the
the language originated in india as National Language.
One thing i want to stress on those Hindians,
dont think a person who doesnt speak is not
Indians. IT exportes are non-Hindians, they are
Indias(Bangalore-1st IT exporter, Chennai-2nd Exporter).
Hyundai , Ford ,TVS,Ashokleyland in Chennai, Volvo in Bangalore,
Integral coach factory in Chennai. We dont pull train chains for
getting down wherever we require, whereas, some Hindians do in
North India. We care about traffic signal, we care about avoiding
terrorism, we care about oppurtunities for Hindians in south
india,we care about keeping environment clean,we dont spit pan,
we care about growth of employee, not like suppressing south
indians in North India.We care about Indian business guest,when
they visit india, not like speaking in Hinglish.
We use father's name with our name, but Hindians use surname with their name.These people wanted to unite India,What a clear answer, they dont want to hide their religion in workplace which will show low caste, high caste surname, but they say they want to unite India with Hindi.Nice Comedy
Indian
If that were the case, all the southern states also would have been by now invaded by Biharis and UP bhaiyyas claming doors-are-open everywhere..There are not many slums in southern cities for this simple reason...
Nilesh
I think as a patrotic person we should ensure that Hindi does not hinder growth of other national languages like Marathi, Gujarati, Tamil, Benjali, Punjabi, Telgu, Kanada etc.
Eithet make English or Sanskrit our National language!
priyanka
Since national language is defined by the people and culture and what is accepted in the socio-cultural context Hindi is the language that can qualify as a national language. more so in recent times when media has made it more widespread, well-understood and accepted than ever before. So law in itself justifying a language being national does not seem to be fair and representative of the entire picture.
interesting article.
Sujay Rao Mandavilli
Let us Switch to a Unity in Diversity model like the EU/ Canada / Mauritius etc.. (a) Liberal Decentralization + (b) Strategy and incentives driven by Central Govt for promotion of Indian languages + (c) Incentive to learn each others languages + (d) Special package for North East and Kashmir (of course it is likely that all indians will try to learn some Hindi - a Tamilian after learning tamil and English would naturally opt for a widely spoken language) - The Rajbhasha policy is one of the last two relics of Nehruvian socialism. NOW WE NEED SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL INTEGRATION STRATEGIES - CALL FOR A MEETING OF ALL STATE CM's. THE 3 language formula may be modified to include any one living language or a combination of languages - choice left to states.. The onus will be on the central government to preserve all Indian cultures - that will create a feeling of comraderie and brotherhood among Indians
gourav
is it really true that hindi is not our natonal language????
ANNESHA DEBROY
nice article but the major mistake is that hindi is really the national language of india and i agree it is not getting its status
but some people like me still love it so you must not accuse it by saying it not india's national language
Mayank
I absolutely agree with your view point. I even believe that we should either change our educational system and start teaching kids in their mother tongue or adopt English as a sole language which should be taught to them and that way atleast they'd be able to think better. I am of a view point that when you start thinking and you have two (or more) languages before you then it becomes all that more difficult to think. I don't know if I am right or wrong but atleast that's how I feel as of today.
Raja
this is a great one. I was in confusion whether the hindi is national language or not, now i'm clear.i agree with the same.
Thankyou very much
Virendra Bagul
I agree with the contents of the article. Hindi is only an official language of India and not national language. I know to speak and write Hindi well. Yet, I think Hindi cannot be accepted as national language. It has lost out the race against English. The non-Hindi speaking people of India therefore should learn and master English, instead of wasting time over Hindi. All the best. Thanks.
Ravi
This is a good one. I din't know the difference between a national language and official language. By not making HIndi as national language, everyone in this country gets equal opportunity and chance to compete in government jobs.
hiren
there you go !!
SIV
The central govt in Delhi has plans to wantonly ignore other languages and pave the way for their decline by sole use of Hindi and by the portrial of India to the outside world as Hindia.
Except for some sentiments raised by Tamils, other language speakers are simply taking it for granted to accept Hindi as their officated mother tongue.
Some examples of Hindian propoganda by both the Hindian central government and large MNCs:
1>Gas books across India printed only in Hindi and English
2>Air Hindia, Hindian Airlines, S(J)et(h) Airway etc having announcements only in English and Hindi.
3>Hindi being compulsory in CBSE schools while Hindian can choose to skip the state language in favour of Sanskrit
4>Lack of opportunity of native Tamils in the north leave alone North Indians to learn Tamil and other southern languages in their areas
5>Tamil being portrayed with lude ?comical? roles in Hindian films
6>Hindian railways train tickets skipping the state language
7>Airports (like in Madras) hiring Hindians who cant speak Tamil/state language
8>Hindian Railway and other Hindian institution websites restricted to only Hindi and English
9>Hindian movies only being sent to the Oscars and other cultural events ignoring other languages
10>Hindian bank passbooks skipping the state language
11>ATMs of most banks (Citibank, Hindian Bank etc restricting to Hindi and English)
12>Looking down on states of Tamil Nadu because of refusal to prescribe to ?accept-Hindi-as-your-language? attitude
13. The very use of the term ?Regional language? to non-Hindi languages
14. The use of Hindian stickers in trains and else portaying ?speaking Hindi is nationalism? and other propoganda messages stating use of English or non-Hindi as not being nationalistic.
15. The very absence of languages other than Hindi on the symbol of citizenship of the country? the passport
The above is a part of a sinister policy create to transform India to simply Hindia or Hindistan.
These remarks are taken as fascist?but you need to ask yourself whether the National Language policy of India itself isnt fascist.
If you trace the history since independence regarding the use of language apart from Hindi, you can foretell the future plan for this fascist policy.
This Hindian fascism should not make it a big mistake for India to be a lingual union. The last thing for the country is encouragement a colonial attitude by speakers of the ?elevated? lingo.
DMK, PMK and other Tamil traitors are happy with this scenario as they are in business with their Hindian masters who safeguarding the TN reservation policy, where several Hindi OBCs get reservation in TN while Tamil FCs are thrown out. Their vote bank has been assured by their Hindian masters.
aakash
bad
Sujay Rao Mandavilli
Here are some alternative national integration strategies
Major problems with Hindi are
(a) Some states have one some language and some have two languages in case English is removed in the long run (First discriminating factor)
(b) Those who have Hindi have it as their mother tongue (Second discriminating factor) (c) In Telegu medium schools, we can only have Hindi as second language (Third discriminating factor) (d) Those who take over the job market through unnatural means can automatically destroy other cultures.(Fourth discriminating factor).
This would keep on producing counter reactions, create long-term instability if imposed through artificial means, would be opposed to fedaralism and eventually minority rights, encourage English even more, encourage laziness at the expense of merit, encourage politically-induced uni-directional migrations, allow both English and Hindi to kill other Indian languages,
encourage the learning of foreign languages at the expense of Indian languages, have other side effects (Hindi as an entry level link language in Non-Hindi speaking states) and end up destroying its own creators.
While this may be a short term strategy, this would clearly be a unworkable long term policy
This kind of a language policy is clearly opposed to the dynamics of a free market and even common sense (why will anybody learn something if he thinks it can destroy him) and
is a relic of the Nehruvian era. Furthermore Hindi cannot even replace English according to the Indian constitution.
Furthermore, Hindi (khadi bholi) is only the official language of the Central government. Rajasthani, Mythili (45 million speakers) are separate languages according to the eighth schedule, Bhojpuri (150 million speakers) has a rival entertainment industry, Urdu (75 million speakers) and Angika (30 million speakers) are clearly separate languages. Urdu, Santhali and
even Mythili have separate scripts.
Furthermore, apart from Marxist societies, there was never any concept of "selecting" "national" languages.
However kings and rulers often selected administrative languages based on discussions with various people.
Alternative strategies
We can implement a combination of all these)
(a) Language of the state, English and Sanksrit (those who don't want to take Sanskrit may opt for Urdu) (In vernacular schools)
In English medium schools, English, Sanskrit/ Urdu. However, people must learn a little bit of the local language.
(b) Some kind of Prakrit as third language (all states and communities must give an in principle approval before hand. All states and communities must get together and form a committee )
(c) Present three language formula. However, instead of Hindi , we can opt for any one living Indian language (excepting for the language of the state / urdu and sanskrit). This must be implemented by Hindi speaking states also.
(d) Have schools only in the local language till 5th standard. (All states and boards must simultaneously agree)
English will be taught as a second language. People coming to another state must study in the language of the state.
However, one other Indian language must be taught based on demand
(e) We can have a composite third language (a mixture of two three other Indian languages taught)
(f) The centre sets up a body to promote Indian languages, sets up libraries, research institutes, in every town and district, translates international books into all Indian languages, makes technical information available avaialable to the common man
(especially information which is most needed by him Agriculture etc, gives away prizes to scholars, provides translation services in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha in all Indian
languages so that only people from a few states do not benefit.
Thousands of such other strategies can be thought of.
Sujay Rao Mandavilli
Again except in Marxist countries, nowhere is the language of the statistical majority "selected". Besides are Bhojpuri, Urdu, Mythili and Santhali really hindi? Politicians don't select mother tongues. In a federation Official languages of the central Government must be decided only when ALL states fornmally agree. If the central government wants to represent the language of one community in the UN, ALL states must formally agree. Otherwise other states can complain to the government. This shows how abusrd and unnatural India's language policy is: Some states have two / some have three languages. If English is removed some states would have one, some would have two languages (and furthermore Hindi is the native language of the Hindi belt. This is so unnatural that India and clearly designed to benefit only one community that India has spent literally billions of dollars encouraging English(not Hindi)since independance. Hindi spread only as an entry level link language. Such paradigms are also incompatible with 21st century ideals. The hindi belt has been spending literally billions of dollars on itself only to destroy itself. Let us start a debate immediately. There are thousands of ways we can acheive national integration. What about Prakrit /Sanskrit? People from all states and union territories and all communities especially those who may be disadvantaged by it must get together and form a commitee immediately to discuss strategies for natioanal integration and language .
Sujay Rao Mandavilli
No government can support the language of one community in a multilingual country. It can potentially create a situation which brings it directly in conflict with international and UN principles (majorityism). In India, this is however not possible as the Indian constitution has enough checks and balances)
Except for some old marxist, ex-marxist countries, no other multiligual country in the West follows this model i.e taking the langiuage of the statistical majority and plonking it on others. (i.e Canada, Mauritius, Switzerland all follow Unity in diversity models) It would only create chaos and confusion (some states have two and some have three languages or if you remove English some states will have one language in the syllabus and some will have two since Hindi states didn't care to implement the three language formula.) I don't think any other country follows such a system). This is not based on sustainable or win-win paradigms and will always produce a counter reaction: either break up (Pakistan - Bangladesh example or Tamil Eelam example) or encourage another language like English even more (India, Bhutan and Singapore may be following this pattern). since the Indian constitution has enough checks and balances. Let's have national integration based on mutual respect and not one half of the country thinking it can destroy the other half. My objection to such a policy is that it only creates more confusion and is unworkable in the long run.
Till date Hindi has spread only based on "The law of convenience" because it is closely related to other Indian languages unlike English which is not a language of the masses).
But you are creating chaos and confusion and misleading people even more. Such policies should have been scrapped in 1991 itself.
It is opposed to the spirit of fedaralism and makes people of one community think they are superior to others. I have seen many people who are openly communal-minded. Who is repsonsible for this?
Hindi cannot replace English under normal or natural laws of language spread or even according to the Indian constitution since Hindi is only the official language of the central government.
India is a five thousand year poised to emerge as a major economic power in the 21st century: let us have upto date national integration strategies which work !
There are so many ways the central government can promote national integration strategies:
The central government sets up a body to promote all Indian languages without bias or prejudice.
Giving incentives to scholars, setting up libraries in all states, setting up institutes for the study of Indian languages in all states, translating books into all Indian languages, setting up virtual libraries in all Indian languages,
Making the study of ANY one Indian language for a specific number of years mandatory for all Indians
Sujay Rao Mandavilli
Please start a national debate for changing India's national language policy immediately ...........if anybody starts a forum, I will contribute and give my ideas
Reghu
It is a pity that most of Indians still believe that Hindi is our national language.This is largely because of our text books we study proclaim the same.I am doing my level best to make the people aware of the truth for a long time.But they are still sceptical about it.And even questions my credibility.There should be a change at the grass root level,that is from the elementary education level,The study materials must contain the truth. Other wise we will carry this legacy forward
Sujay Rao Mandavilli
only a neutral language should be an official language otherwise you have a peculiar problem ..some states will have two languages and some would have three if you remove English some states will have one language some will have two..no other country follows such a system.
It can also create a situation which may bring it in conflict with some UN principles (if at all anybody cares). Quite frankly, I don't think it is possible, because the Indian constitution has enough checks and balances. However , it is time to abandon the national language concept and move to uptodate national integration strategies.
karthik
BE AS INDIAN AND NOT AS HINDIAN
Sanjay
Even i thought that hindi was our national language.....
Sampathkumar Iyangar (Natteri Adigal)
What is there to be "felt ashamed" at the realisation that India does not have a national language? The author has explained the situation lucidly for Hindi fanatics who blindly campaign for a larger-than-life status to this language: "The national language defines the people of the nation, culture and history. The official language is used for official communication. While the national language can become the official language by default, an official language has to be approved by law in order to become the national language."
While nobody can object to the 10 cow-belt states (originally referring to the Hindi belt, also known as BiMaRU representing Bihar, MP, Rajasthan and UP) spending their resources on the development of this language, it cannot be acceptable for the Central government - funded by the whole country - to give any special treatment for Hindi. Just because New Delhi happens to be situated in the Hindi belt, it cannot make the language ?more equal? than others.
The truth is that there can be no "national language" for India because it is a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic, multi-national entity that came to be a single administrative unit for the first time only under the East India Company. For that reason, only English can enjoy the status of the "link language" or common official language between all States, including the BiMaRU States.
It will be foolish to expect a Bengali to accept Hindi as his "national" language when his/her own mother tongue reigns in Bangladesh. Similarly, no Tamilian will accept being a second-class subject of any nation with another language as its "national" language. It must be remembered that Tamil is recognized as a national language in countries like Sri Lanka, Singapore and Malaysia.
It cannot be a argument that the Constitution stipulates, "It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language . . ." under article 351. The Indian constitution has several such deadwood provisions asking the State to do things, which currently are considered illegitimate interferences with market economy?prohibition, ban on cow-slaughter, swadeshi and khadi nationalism etc. North Indian politicians must dump their pipe dream of making Hindi as the "national language" without delay. Otherwise, every coastal State of India will cede one by one, starting with Tamil Nadu, leaving only the Hindi belt as (H)india!
Ravi
if all the details are supposed to be correct bcoz i always knew hindi as our national language.....
Swapnil Pawar
mere ko lagta hai ki lekhak ne sahi nahi likha hai. Hindi hamari rashtra aur karyakaari bhasha dono hai.
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