The animal kingdom, on the other hand, is neither constrained by any such variables, nor do they live in the past or future, choosing to dwell in the present. Besides that, their reflex action is very strong, and they basically motivated by their survival instinct. They also have family kinship. Some of them (like the queen honey bee) has full bureaucratic control over the whole system of the beehive. They also have the sixth sense (like horses and dogs) and their wants are highly rationed.

 

The essence of this study is that the domains of economics have extended to animals as well. Economics, thus, is becoming a universal science. It is also an infinite science. There will soon be an area of study called “Economic Biology” or “Biological Economics”.

 

Despite all of this, it is the animal kingdom, in fact, which suffers due to limitless human wants and desires, many of them non-rational. Though many NGOs and countries strive to safeguard the existence of the animals, they are highly misused (morally, ethically and legally) by mankind in various ways.

 

Animal rights, also referred to as animal liberation, is an idea that the most basic interests of animals should be afforded the same consideration as the similar interests of humans. Legally speaking, animals should be viewed as legal persons and members of the moral community, not property and that they should not be used as food, clothing, research subjects or entertainment.

 

Some of these misuses include, creating leather from animal hides to make shoes, accessories and suitcases, using horses, camels, donkeys and bulls to run carts, using bulls to plough the land, killing goats, chicken, fish and other animals for eating, using monkeys, snakes, and other animals for road shows and circuses etc.

 

Animals have also been used in research laboratories for experiments, apart from being caged and bonded as pets or hunted for entertainment. Moreover, we use dairy products derived from cows, buffaloes, goats and camels and honey from beehives.

 

The idea of awarding rights to animals has the support of legal scholars too. Animal law is taught in 113 out of 180 law schools in the United States, in eight law schools in Canada and is routinely covered in universities in philosophy or applied ethics courses. In June 2008, Spain became the first country to introduce an animal rights resolution, when a parliamentary committee voted in favour of limited rights for primates, inspired by Peter Singer's Great Ape Project.

 

Critics argue that animals are unable to enter into social contracts or make moral choices and therefore, cannot be regarded as possessors of rights. Philosopher Roger Scruton writes that only humans have duties and that, "[the] corollary is inescapable: we alone have rights." Another argument is that there is nothing wrong with using animals as resources, if there is  no unnecessary suffering, a view known as the animal welfare position.

 

Certain forms of animal rights activism are also criticised, in particular the destruction of fur farms and animal laboratories by the Animal Liberation Front. In the context of India, Maneka Gandhi, has brought about a little change in saving animals.

 

Using animals as food, clothing, research subjects, or entertainment has gradually resulted in the extinction of many of them and the day is not far when, they would be fully gone.